Saturday, November 21, 2009

Tamil Years - a 60 year cycle

The 60-year cycle of the Tamil Calendar is also found in many North and South Indian traditional calendars, with the same name and sequence of years. Its earliest reference is to be found in Surya Siddhanta, which Varahamihirar (550 CE) believed to be the most accurate of the then current theories of astronomy. However, in the Surya Siddhantic list, the first year was Vijaya and not Prabhava as currently used. This 60-year cycle is also used in the Chinese calendar.

After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts anew with the first year. This corresponds to the Hindu "century." The Vakya or Tirukannitha Panchangam (the traditional Tamil almanac) outlines this sequence.

The following list presents the current 60-year cycle of the Tamil calendar:


No. Name Name (English) Gregorian Year
No. Name Name (English) Gregorian Year




01. பிரபவ Prabhava 1987 - 1988
31. ஹேவிளம்பி Hevilambi 2017 - 2018
02. விபவ Vibhava 1988 - 1989
32. விளம்பி Vilambi 2018 - 2019
03. சுக்ல Sukla 1989 - 1990
33. விகாரி Vikari 2019 - 2020
04. பிரமோதூத Pramodhoodha 1990 - 1991
34. சார்வரி Sarvari 2020 - 2021
05. பிரசோற்பத்தி Prachorpaththi 1991 - 1992
35. பிலவ Plava 2021 - 2022
06. ஆங்கீரச Aangirasa 1992 - 1993
36. சுபகிருது Subakrith 2022 - 2023
07. ஸ்ரீமுக Srimukha 1993 - 1994
37. சோபகிருது Sobakrith 2023 - 2024
08. பவ Bhava 1994 - 1995
38. குரோதி Krodhi 2024 - 2025
09. யுவ Yuva 1995 - 1996
39. விசுவாசுவ Visuvaasuva 2025 - 2026
10. தாது Thaadhu 1996 - 1997
40. பரபாவ Parabhaava 2026 - 2027
11. ஈஸ்வர Eesvara 1997 - 1998
41. பிலவங்க Plavanga 2027 - 2028
12. வெகுதானிய Vehudhanya 1998 - 1999
42. கீலக Keelaka 2028 - 2029
13. பிரமாதி Pramathi 1999 - 2000
43. சௌமிய Saumya 2029 - 2030
14. விக்கிரம Vikrama 2000 - 2001
44. சாதாரண Sadharana 2030 - 2031
15. விஷு Vishu 2001 - 2002
45. விரோதகிருது Virodhikrithu 2031 - 2032
16. சித்திரபானு Chitrabaanu 2002 - 2003
46. பரிதாபி Paridhaabi 2032 - 2033
17. சுபானு Subaanu 2003 - 2004
47. பிரமாதீச Pramaadhisa 2033 - 2034
18. தாரண Thaarana 2004 - 2005
48. ஆனந்த Aanandha 2034 - 2035
19. பார்த்திப Paarthiba 2005 - 2006
49. ராட்சச Rakshasa 2035 - 2036
20. விய Viya 2006 - 2007
50. நள Nala 2036 - 2037
21. சர்வசித்து Sarvajith 2007 - 2008
51. பிங்கள Pingala 2037 - 2038
22. சர்வதாரி Sarvadhari 2008 - 2009
52. காளயுக்தி Kalayukthi 2038 - 2039
23. விரோதி Virodhi 2009 - 2010
53. சித்தார்த்தி Siddharthi 2039 - 2040
24. விக்ருதி Vikruthi 2010 - 2011
54. ரௌத்திரி Raudhri 2040 - 2041
25. கர Kara 2011 - 2012
55. துன்மதி Thunmathi 2041 - 2042
26. நந்தன Nandhana 2012 - 2013
56. துந்துபி Dhundubhi 2042 - 2043
27. விஜய Vijaya 2013 - 2014
57. ருத்ரோத்காரி Rudhrodhgaari 2043 - 2044
28. ஜய Jaya 2014 - 2015
58. ரக்தாட்சி Raktakshi 2044 - 2045
29. மன்மத Manmatha 2015 - 2016
59. குரோதன Krodhana 2045 - 2046
30. துன்முகி Dhunmuki 2016 - 2017
60. அட்சய Akshaya 2046 - 2047

Learn to read Hindu Panchangam using interactive video

Learn to read Hindu Panchangam using interactive video

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Nakshatra

Nakshatra (Devanagari: नक्षत्र, Sanskrit: nakshatra, 'star', from naksha, 'approach', and tra, 'guard') or lunar mansion is one of the 27 divisions of the sky, identified by the prominent star(s) in them, used in Jyotisha




Following are the nakshatra names in Samskritam, Tamil and Malayalam, and the letters for baby's names.
No Samskritam, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi Tamil Malayalam First Letter of Baby's Name
1 Aswini
अश्विनि
అశ్విని
Aswini
அசுவினி
Aswathi Chu, Che, Cho, La
चु, चे, चो, ला
2 Bharani
भरणी
భరణి
Bharani
பரணி
Bharani Lee, Lu, Le, Lo
ली, लू, ले, लो
3 Krithika
कृत्तिका
కృతిక
Karthigai
கிருத்திகை
Kaarthika A, E, U, Ea
अ, ई, उ, ए
4 Rohini
रोहिणी
రోహిణి
Rohini
ரோகிணி
Rohini O, Va, Vi, Vu
ओ, वा, वी, वु
5 Mrigashiras
म्रृगशीर्षा
మ్రిగాసిర
Mrigasheersham
மிருகசிரீஷம்
Makeeryam We Wo, Ka, Ki
वे, वो, का, की
6 Aardhra /
Arudra (Telugu)
आर्द्रा
ఆరుద్ర
Thiruvaathirai
திருவாதிரை
Thiruvaathira Ku, Gha, Ing, chh
कु, घ, ङ, छ
7 Punarvasu
पुनर्वसु
పునర్వసు
Punarpoosam
புனர்பூசம்
Punartham Ke, Ko, Ha, Hi
के, को, हा, ही
8 Pushyami
पुष्य
పుష్య
Poosam
பூசம்
Pooyyam Hu, He, Ho, Da
हु, हे, हो, डा
9 Ashlesha
आश्लेषा
ఆశ్లేష
Aayilyam
ஆயில்யம்
Aayilyam De, Du, De, Do
डी, डू, डे, डो
10 Magha/Makha
मघा
మాఘ
Makam
மகம்
Makham Ma, Me, Mu, Me
मा, मी, मू, मे
11 P.Phalguni/PoorvaPhalguni
/Pubba(Telugu)
पूर्व फाल्गुनी
పూర్వ ఫల్గుని
Pooram
பூரம்
Pooram Mo, Ta, Ti, Tu
मो, टा, टी, टू
12 U.Phalguni/Uthraphalguni
/Uttara(Telugu)
उत्तर फाल्गुनी
ఉత్తర ఫల్గుని
Uthiram
உத்திரம்
Uthram To, Pa, Pe, Pu
टो, पा, पी, पू
13 Hastha
हस्त
హస్త
Hastham
ஹஸ்தம்
Atham Pu, Sha, Na, Tha
पू, ष, ण, ठ
14 Chitra
चित्रा
చిత్ర
Chithirai
சித்திரை
Chitra Pe, Po, Ra, Re
पे, पो, रा, री
15 Swaathi
स्वाति
స్వాతి
Swaathi
சுவாதி
Chothi Ru, Re, Ro, Taa
रू, रे, रो, ता
16 Vishaakha
विशाखा
విశాక
Visaakam
விசாகம்
Visaakam Ti, TU, Tea To
ती, तू, ते, तो
17 Anuraadha
अनुराधा
అనురాధ
Anusham
அனுஷம்
Anizham Na, Ne, Nu, Ne
ना, नी, नू, ने
18 Jyeshta
ज्येष्ठा
జ్యేష్ట
Kettai
கேட்டை
Thrikketta No, Ya Yi, Yu
नो, या, यी, यू
19 Moola
मूल
మూలా
Moolam
முலம்
Moolam Ye, Yo, Ba, Be
ये, यो, भा, भी
20 P.Shada/Poorvashaada
पूर्वाषाढ़ा
పూర్వాషాఢ
Pooraadam
பூராடம்
Pooraadam Bhu, Dha, pha Dha
भू, धा, फा, ढा
21 U.Shada/Uthrashaada
उत्तराषाढ़ा
ఉత్తరాషాఢ
Uthiraadam
உத்திராடம்
Uthraadam Bhe, Bho, Ja, Ji
भे, भो, जा, जी
22 Shraavan
श्रवण
శ్రవణ
Thiruvonam
திருவோணம்
Thiruvonam Ju/khi, Je/khu, Jo/khe, Gha/kho
खी, खू, खे, खो
23 Dhanishta
धनिष्ठा
ధనిశ్త
Avittam
அவிட்டம்
Avittam Ga, Gi, Gu, Ge
गा, गी, गु, गे
24 Shathabhisha
शतभिषा
శతభిష
Chathayam/Sadayam
சதயம்
Chathayam Go, Sa, Si, Su
गो, सा, सी, सू
25 P.Bhadra/Poorvabhadra
पूर्वभाद्र
పూర్వాభాద్ర
Poorattathi
பூரட்டாதி
Poorattadhi Se, So, Da, Di
से, सो, दा, दी
26 U.Bhadra/Uthrabhadra
उत्तरभाद्र
ఉత్తరాభాద్ర
Uthirattathi
உத்திரட்டாதி
Uthrattathi Du, tha, Jha, Da
दू, थ, झ, ञ
27 Revathi
रेवती
రేవతి
Revathi
ரேவதி
Revathi De, Do, Cha, Chi
दे, दो, च, ची

திதி (Tithi)

In vedic timekeeping, a tithi (also spelled thithi) is a lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.

There are 30 tithis in each lunar month, named as follows:


Sl.No Krishna paksha
(dark fortnight)
Shukla Paksha
(bright fortnight)
Deity and properties
1 Pratipat Pratipat The presiding deity of the first lunar day in Brahma and is good for all types of auspicious and religious ceremonies
2 Dvitiya Dvitiya Vidhatr rules this lunar day and is good for the laying of foundations for buildings and other things of a permanent nature.
3 Tritiya Tritiya Visnu is the lord of this day and is good for the cuttings of one's hair and nails and shaving.
4 Chaturthi Chaturthi Yama is lord of the 4th lunar day, which is good for the destruction of one's enemies, the removal of obstacles, and acts of combat.
5 Panchami Panchami The Moon rules this day, which is favourable for administering medicine, the purging of poisons, and surgery.
6 Shashti Shashti Karttikeya presides over this day and is favourable for coronations, meeting new friends, festivities, and enjoyment.
7 Saptami Saptami The 7th lunar day is ruled by Indra; one may begin a journey, buy conveyances, and deal with other such things as a movable nature.
8 Ashtami Ashtami The Vasus rule this day, which is good for taking up arms, building of one's defenses, and fortification.
9 Navami Navami The Serpent rules this day, with is suitable for killing enemies, acts of destruction, and violence.
10 Dasami Dasami The day is ruled by Dharma and is auspicious for acts of virtue, religious functions, spiritual practices, and other pious activities.
11 Ekadasi Ekadasi Rudra rules this day; fasting, devotional activities, and remembrance of the Supreme Lord are very favourable.This day has special religious significance in Hinduism and Jainism -- usually observed by fasting
12 Dvadasi Dvadasi The Sun rules this day, which is auspicious for religious ceremonies the lighting of the sacred fire, and the performance of one's duties.
13 Trayodasi Trayodasi The day is ruled by Cupid and is good for forming friendships, sensual pleasures, and festivities.
14 Chaturdashi Chaturdashi Kali rules this day suitable for administering poison and calling of elementals and spirits.
15 Amavasya
(new moon)
Purnima
(full moon)
The Vasve-devas rule the New Moon suitable for the propitiation of the Manes and performance of austerities.



A Thithi ( திதி ) is a lunar day or based on Moon's rotation around the Earth. For comparison, our Gregorial Calendar (English Calendar) is based on Sun / solar days but thithis are based on Moon/Lunar days. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.

Basically it is the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. As each thithi constitutes 12°, 30 thithis constitutes a Lunar Month. Therefore, dividing the difference in logitutes(degree) between the Sun and the Moon by 12 , will give the number of the lunar day. Thithi's duration and start time vary.

For example, 'Ekadhasi( ஏகாதசி )' is actually when the Moon is in-between 120° and 132° ahead of Sun and again in-between 300° and 312°. Hence these angles actually begin and end roundly 22 hours apart, roughly one lunar day.

First thithi is Prathamai ( பிரதமை ) and at Pournami ( பொளர்ணமி ) the Moon and the Sun are opposite to each other. Moment of new Moon or time when longitudes of the Sun and the Moon are equal, is called Amavasya ( அமாவாசை ).

Lunar Day

Names of Thithis

1st

பிரதமை [Pradhamai (or) Prathipada]

2nd

த்விதியை [Dwithiya]

3rd

த்ரிதியை [Thrithiya]

4th

சதுர்த்தி [Chathurthi]

5th

பஞ்ஜமி [Panchami]

6th

சஷ்டி [Shashti]

7th

சப்தமி [Sapthami]

8th

அஷ்டமி [Ashtami]

9th

நவமி [Navami]

10th

தசமி [Dasami]

11th

ஏகாதசி [Ekadasi]

12th

த்வாதசி [Dwadasi]

13th

த்ரயோதசி [Thrayodasi]

14th

சதுர்தசி [Chathurdasi]

15th
(in bright half of the month)

பொளர்ணமி [Pournami]

15th
(in dark half of the month)

அமாவாசை [Amavasya]